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As drone technology becomes more popular around the world, so does illegal drone activity. Many organizations need anti-drone solutions to keep illegal drones out of sensitive airspace. As a result the anti-drone industry is becoming more and more popular. Today, I will introduce the first step of anti-drone equipment – detecting drones.

First, Radio Frequency (RF) Detection.RF RF scanners can usually only detect devices in a known frequency range. The RF system is passive, which means it doesn’t transmit anything. It only picks up signal electromagnetic wave signals from drones in the area. The RF system picks up the drone signals and then sniffs the remote control for signals and approximate location. It also flags and filters false alarms caused by Wi-Fi scanners and sniffers. This also means that the system will improve over time as the type of signal it picks up continues to improve.RF systems use radio frequencies to detect nearby drones. When two or more RF sensors are used, the drone can be located by calculating various angles and mathematical methods to find the drone in 3D space.There are four types of UASRF communications: remotely controlled (RC) amateur drones that have been licensed to be controlled in the traditionally shared amateur bands. These bands are typically used for low baud rate telemetry control.UAS (Industrial Scientific and Industrial) band hobbyists, which are essentially license-free but are regulated in terms of application, output power, and spectral purity. Commercial drones operate in compliance within the frequency bands specified by national civil regulators. Military drones are not controlled by civilian regulators in the traditional military communications bands and are usually categorized for detailed information.

Second, radar detection. The second method of countering drone devices is radar detection. Radar is capable of accurately tracking the location of drones traveling through the air. Most radars are used to detect civil/military airplanes and helicopters, not multi-rotor drones. Recently, many anti-drone companies have been working on radar detection solutions for detecting DJI drones at distances greater than one kilometer. Radar is only suitable for open areas, as trees and other ground objects can appear on the radar and cause false readings. Many radar systems today have a vertical detection range of about 10-30 degrees, which is insufficient when detecting drones flying at various altitudes. There are three ways that radar detects drones. One is to transmit a pulsed signal that sends out intermittent pulses to detect drones in the area. The shorter the pulse, the higher the resolution of the radar and the easier it is to locate the drone. The second is to emit continuous electromagnetic wave signals to actively track the location and speed of the drone. To ensure that the location of the drone can be accurately detected, a timing reference signal must be included each time the radar receives a signal back. The third type is today’s military radar systems, which are very sensitive. They can detect the position and direction of travel of a UAV based on the difference in frequency between uncompressed air and compressed air.

Third, acoustic detection. The simplest method of detecting anti-drone devices using a microphone. One of the main acoustic detection methods is the use of a single microphone and the other is the use of microphone arrays to detect and localize drones. An acoustic detection system eliminates all background noise from the drone’s propellers and motors, thus focusing on detecting the drone’s noise characteristics. Comparing the sound to a database of acoustic characteristics gives the operator an idea of the make and model of the drone. Since drones have recently become smaller and quieter, acoustic detection systems are more difficult to detect drones, so they are only useful when used in conjunction with other methods.

Fourth, optical detection. One of the most popular methods of drone detection is the use of camera vision to detect drones in the sky. These visual systems typically use electro-optical (EO) and infrared cameras to view drones. Comparing the system to database data allows the system to identify the exact drone model. Optical detection systems are often used in conjunction with other systems due to resolution and field of view limitations.

SOBO Group’s research and development in the field of drone detection has been directed towards the first type of “Radio Frequency (RF) detection”, and we have a wealth of experience and a large number of successful cases in this field.